1. Building-Level Flood Management
A. Risk & Site Assessment
- Flood zone classification (100-year/500-year floodplain)
- Site elevation vs. base flood elevation (BFE)
B. Flood-Resistant Design
- Elevating habitable floors and essential equipment
- Use of waterproofing membranes and flood-resistant materials
- Wet vs. dry floodproofing strategies
C. Entry & Exit Protection
- Deployable flood barriers (manual/automatic)
- Raised thresholds and watertight doors/windows
- Secondary egress routes in case of inundation
D. Mechanical & Utility Protection
- Elevation or enclosure of HVAC, electrical, and IT systems
- Installation of sump pumps and non-return valves
- Emergency backup systems (power/water)
E. Operational Readiness
- Flood protocol manual for building occupants
- Evacuation routes and signage
- Maintenance checklist for flood-related systems
2. Landscape-Level Flood Management
A. Natural Absorption & Retention
- Bioswales, rain gardens, and swales
- Retention/detention ponds to slow runoff
- Constructed wetlands
B. Permeability & Ground Treatment
- Permeable pavements and surfaces
- Vegetated slopes and terraces
- Use of mulch and porous landscaping media
C. Flood Flow Management
- Strategic contouring and bunds to divert flow
- Floodable open spaces and parks
- Graded walkways and depressions to channel water
D. Ecosystem Integration
- Riparian buffers and native flood-tolerant vegetation
- Reforestation and rewilding of upstream zones
3. Infrastructure-Level Flood Management
A. Urban Drainage Systems
- High-capacity stormwater drains and culverts
- Redundant overflow routes and emergency spillways
- Regular desilting and cleaning programs
B. Protective Structures
- Flood levees, berms, and embankments
- Floodgates and tide gates for coastal/riverfront zones
- Elevated roads, rail lines, and bridges
C. Critical Services Protection
- Relocation or fortification of vulnerable substations
- Waterproofing of telecom and data networks
- Emergency accessibility for first responders
D. Monitoring Systems
- Smart sensors for rainfall and flood level monitoring
- Real-time data integration with municipal control centers
- Public alert systems via apps, SMS, and sirens
4. Masterplan-Level Flood Management
A. Zoning & Land Use Strategy
- No-build zones in high-risk flood areas
- Designation of sacrificial floodplains or water plazas
- Integration of green-blue infrastructure
B. Watershed & Catchment Planning
- Coordination with regional hydrology authorities
- Runoff management from upstream to downstream
C. Urban Layout Considerations
- Grid vs. radial layout to manage flow direction
- Elevated transport corridors and critical routes
- Decentralized water management hubs
D. Governance & Policy Integration
- Cross-agency coordination (planning, water, emergency)
- Flood impact assessments for new developments
- Mandatory compliance with local flood resilience codes
E. Long-Term Resilience Strategy
- Climate adaptation modeling
- Development incentives for sustainable drainage systems (SuDS)
- Insurance, funding, and recovery planning
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